I have a guildmate who always had a conceptual way of his city layout – he changed it many times – right now he has made a a WALL around the entire city and not just 1x1 type, no he is up to 4 spaces in width - Apparently he enjoys it, but it is really bad for how much stuff he otherwise could fit into his city and thereby how much output it could create, wheter it be Production or Stats etc.Īsking for players to show their creativity needs a somewhat more specific breifing – "creativity" just means to create - E.g a baker or a bankman can be creative – the word is not reserved for designers, artists or developers. Other creativity in FoE is thinking out the box for solving quests – but again once that this is learned there is no more creativity in it – you repeat and combine the "tricks" to solve the quests the fastets and most cost effective way. In short you have to compromise the aesthetics for getting better effectivity and that brings the so called creativy down to a bare factual calucaltion rather than any payfull creation in +90somethign% of the time. You can just go and see the leading players on a server – they usually have removed anything that is not worth having and replaced it with the latest best output buildings and as many of those they can get their hands on. The creativy in the FoE city layout lies mostly with space management – like solving a puzzle type game – if I move these buildings over here and exchange this with that then I can make space for this buidling and have a better FP income, atk stats or whatever it is. Usually the sort of visual creativy is mostly displayed when some players leave the game – then there is nearly no functionality invovled anymore and they can plant 2000 tress or write something with roads etc etc. but the game is not like that at all – it can be played like that but then the game it self will be a somewhat an annoyance or a compromised play style. I am sure if anybody made a copy of their city with nearly free unlimited space - their cities would look quite different than they do now - it is the part of the whole intent of buying diamonds (not the only one) – that lurking dream of having enough space to do all the stuff and sorround the differnt parts with roads all around etc etc. With some luck a city can somtimes have a pleasent look to the eye and still be effective, but most of the time it is not the case. Some players suffer from various degrees of OCD related issues and their cities are very very strict in their layout – it looks impressive and effective but that is also not the most effective city layout. or if player chooses a road type that is not the best, but because it looks better to players eye. * by Romantic I mean for e.g certain type of buildings that fit togther for their looks etc. Anytime a player goes for the " Romantic*" choice chance are that it is not as effective as it could be and that over time will slow the players progress down. The creativity of FoE city layout is farily limited once a player master all the basic compositions – it is limited because in reality it is about effectiveness at the cost of making a city look nice. It shows several options to get the most out of your city space and many variations about the Sets as well. There is a infamous Guide around, cant find it anymore – think it is on a website or blog now. Many players have their City hall in a corner - it is okay but not the most effective postion – pushing the City Hall a bit inwards and about 2-4 GBs can be connected behind/around the CH with a very small amount of roads.
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(Photo courtesy of quasi reversible/flickr) Some sociologists see the online world contributing to the creation of an emerging global culture. In education, examples of dysfunction include getting bad grades, truancy, dropping out, not graduating, and not finding suitable employment.įigure 2. Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are called dysfunctions. Latent functions can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful. Another latent function of education is creating a hierarchy of employment based on the level of education attained. Latent functions of your college years include meeting new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even finding a spouse or partner. A manifest function of college education, for example, includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a career, and finding a good job that utilizes that education. Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated, while latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process. Protestants were more likely to commit suicide than Catholics in Durkheim’s society, and his work on this topic demonstrated the utility of theory for sociological research.Īnother noted structural functionalist, Robert Merton (1910–2003), pointed out that social processes often have many functions. Durkheim gathered a large amount of data about Europeans who had ended their lives, and he did indeed find differences based on religion. He studied social ties within a group, or social solidarity, and hypothesized that differences in suicide rates might be explained by religion-based differences. For example, one function of a society’s laws may be to protect society from violence, while another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public safety.Īlthough suicide is generally considered an individual phenomenon, Émile Durkheim was interested in studying the social factors that affect it. Each of these social facts serves one or more functions within a society. Social facts are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life (Durkheim 1895). Durkheim believed that individuals may make up society, but in order to study society, sociologists have to look beyond individuals to social facts. Durkheim believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability (Durkheim 1893), and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols. Émile Durkheim, another early sociologist, applied Spencer’s theory to explain how societies change and survive over time. The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. He argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning (Spencer 1898). Functionalism grew out of the writings of English philosopher and biologist, Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), who saw similarities between society and the human body. Structural-functional theory, also called functionalism, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Functionalism emphasizes how various social institutions work together to meet the needs of a society. 3 Ways Debt Settlement May Not Be the Fix You Expect.If and when you decide you want to unfreeze your credit, you might want to do it for all three bureaus, if you’re not sure which credit bureau will be used for a credit check. You’ll need that number if you want to give anyone who doesn’t already have it access to your Equifax credit file.Īnd while you are saving that PIN, be sure you put the ones from the other two credit bureaus in the same place. You should keep it somewhere safe, and in a place you’ll remember. You will be issued a 10-digit PIN, and you will need that to unfreeze your credit. If you are requesting a freeze on behalf of a minor or other protected consumer, you’ll need to provide information for the person whose credit you want to freeze as well as documentation that shows you have the authority to make the request. Acceptable ones include a passport, driver’s license, military ID, tax documents, bank statements, utility bills, etc. You’ll need to include your full name, including any suffixes, your address, Social Security number and date of birth.Įquifax also asks that you include copies of documents that verify your name and address. If you want to set up a security freeze via postal mail, the address is: Equifax Security Freeze, P.O. You can also request a freeze by mail, but if you are trying to do it for free, calling or online requests are better bets. You’ll need to give your Social Security number, street address and state of residence. Your PIN will be mailed to you. You can request an Equifax security freeze by calling 80 (except in New York, where the number is 80). Fill in the requested information, then you will be given a PIN that you will need in order to lift the credit freeze. The easiest way to freeze your credit is via Equifax’s security freeze website. You can monitor your own credit while it’s frozen by getting reports from and by setting up a free credit monitoring account. In many cases, you’ll have to pay to put a freeze on your files if you are not a victim of identity theft, although some states exempt people over a certain age. And a freeze has no effect on your credit score. However, a freeze will not prevent collection agencies or creditors you already have from seeing your credit information.Ī credit freeze does not affect your ability to use the credit accounts you already have. That means if scammers try to misuse your personal data to open a fraudulent credit account, they are unlikely to be approved. No one else will be able to check your credit until and unless you lift the freeze. Here’s how to do an Equifax credit freeze:Ī credit freeze makes your credit report off-limits to anyone who does not already have access to it. You’ll have to freeze your credit with each of the three major credit bureaus: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. NerdWallet recommends a freeze unless you intend to use your credit in the near future, such as opening a new credit account or applying for a lease or job. In that case, a fraud alert might be more appropriate. Credit monitoring, another service the credit bureaus offer, can tell you when someone uses your data to apply for credit, but it won’t typically prevent it. If you’re looking to keep your credit data from being accessed, the best way to protect it is a credit freeze, also known as a security freeze. The offer had been set to expire on Wednesday. Equifax made freezes free late last year in the wake of a data breach that compromised personal data on about 145 million U.S. Equifax has extended its offer of free credit freezes through June 30. This will be examined in greater detail for some of the sensor sizes below. This figure is determined by the ‘crop factor’ – that is, the number by which you need to multiply the focal length to work out the effective focal length of the combination. Similarly, a compact camera may have a 19mm lens built into it, but if the size of sensor is smaller than full-frame, it will only ever be able to offer a longer effective focal length on that body, perhaps 28mm or so. By discarding some of the peripheral areas of the lens, it ends up appearing as though you’re using a longer focal length. This is because the sensor is not large enough to take advantage of the lens to the same extent as a full-frame sensor can. A camera with a sensor that’s smaller than full-frame may be used with a lens that has a focal length of 18-55mm, but in reality the effective focal range you’ll end up with is closer to 27-82mm. To make things easier to understand, manufacturers often provide an ‘equivalent’ focal length, which uses the full-frame sensor as its reference point.Ī 18-55mm lens used on a camera with an APS-C sensor has an effective focal range of 27-82mm, although the exact length depends on the camera used. The problem here is that different lenses marked with two completely different focal lengths may provide the same effective focal range to work with when used on the bodies for which they are designed. Whether they're built into the body of a camera or supplied separately, lenses are marked with their actual focal length, rather than the effective focal length when used on a particular camera. But with interchangeable-lens cameras like DSLRs and mirrorless cameras, any lens used needs to be able to have an image circle – the diameter of the light that exits the lens – that can sufficiently cover the dimensions of the sensor. If you buy a compact camera the lens is built into the body, so there's less to think about here from a buying perspective. The size of the sensor inside a camera has a direct effect on what kind of lenses can be used with that camera. In the remainder of this review, we select examples from studies in rodents modeling the intergenerational and transgenerational transmission of environmentally induced phenotypes with regard to psychiatric phenotypes. Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation have been posited as being critical to such transmission and inheritance. Besides direct exposure to stress both in utero and in early life, recent studies in rodents also point toward a transmission, and even inheritance, of environmentally accumulated risk factors via the germline that may occur prior to conception. However, animal models, in contrast, provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of how the environment contributes to risk and resilience. Human studies using a cross-sectional design can and have investigated the overall influence of severe stress or childhood abuse on the risk for psychiatric disorders without having access to neuronal tissue for further analyses. These factors can exert a profound influence on disease trajectories when they occur during vulnerable periods in brain development like in utero development and early life until completion of adolescence, subsequently increasing the risk for mental health problems in adulthood ( Kessler et al, 1997 Kendler et al, 2000). Such factors have regained attention in the post-genomic era in recent years. Alternative models such as gene by environment interaction studies take this dual influence into account and may provide more insight into the pathophysiology of these disorders in the future ( Klengel and Binder, 2013a Manuck and McCaffery, 2014 Zannas, Wiechmann, Gassen and Binder, this issue).Įnvironmental factors influencing the long-term risk for psychiatric disorders have been known for centuries. The underlying reasons likely involve a larger genetic, but also phenotypic, heterogeneity and a stronger influence of the environment ( Levinson et al, 2014). Additionally, several other moderately powered GWAS have begun to identify genome-wide level significant findings ( Guffanti et al, 2013 Logue et al, 2013 Nievergelt et al, 2015). The genomics of PTSD is more nascent, and it is too early to tell which trajectory this disorder will have with regards to genetic contribution, though twin studies suggest up to 40% heritability. In contrast to the successful genetic studies for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder ( Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014 Muhleisen et al, 2014), studies on depression so far have failed to identify reliable genetic markers at sample sizes at which first loci in schizophrenia were identified ( Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium, 2012). Although much effort is spent on studies investigating the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders and outstanding emerging studies point toward a polygenic risk to disease ( Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014), the overall contribution of genetic factors appears to be rather small in particular for stress and fear disorders based on our current knowledge ( Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium, 2012 Sullivan et al, 2012 Wray et al, 2012 Lee et al, 2013 Levinson et al, 2014). It is widely accepted that environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of risk and resilience for disease is pivotal for the development of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies that are superior to the currently available limited therapies. Additionally, stress-related disorders demand increasing medical and economical resources and are predicted to become the leading cause of disability worldwide in the near future ( Wittchen et al, 2011 Whiteford et al, 2013). Changing environmental conditions with respect to not only socioeconomic status, social interactions, trauma exposure, and workload, but also nutritional status, may contribute to this phenomenon and thus potentially lead to a self-reinforcing risk for disease. The pervasiveness of these disorders is increasing in the public perception and recent studies support this view, although there is some controversy with regard to the underlying causes ( Heimberg et al, 2000 Kessler et al, 2005 Compton et al, 2006 Hidaka, 2012). Stress-related psychiatric disorders such as major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in the general population ( Kessler et al, 2005), with an even higher prevalence in military and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations ( Hoge et al, 2004 Gillespie et al, 2009). |
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